Page No 37:
Question 1:
Answer the following questions.(i) Name any three common minerals used by you everyday.
(ii) What is an ore? Where are the ores of metallic minerals generally located?
(iii) Name two regions rich in natural gas resources.
(iv) Which sources of energy would you suggest for
(a) Rural areas
(b) Coastal areas
(c) Arid regions
(v) Give five ways in which you can save energy at home.
Answer:
(i) Three common minerals used every day:(a) Copper − Electric wires
(b) Talc − Talcum powder
(c) Lead − Batteries
(ii) Ores are the rocks from which minerals are mined. The ores of metallic minerals are generally found in igneous and metamorphic rock formations that form large plateaus.
(iii) Russia and the United Kingdom are the two regions rich in natural gas resources.
(iv)
(a) Biogas energy for rural areas
(b) Hydel and tidal energy for coastal areas
(c) Wind and solar energy for arid regions
(v) Five ways in which energy can be saved at home:
(a) Switching off lights, fans and other electrical appliances when not in use
(b) By seeing to it that electrical devices are operating efficiently; for example, defrosting refrigerator regularly and not keeping the refrigerator door open for longer than necessary
(c) Using energy-efficient devices such as fluorescent bulbs and tubes
(d) Using energy efficiently while cooking; for example, keeping the lids of pans on while cooking
(e) Unplugging electrical devices when not in use prevents leakage of electricity; thus saving energy
Question 2:
Tick the correct answer.(i) Which one of the following is not a characteristic of minerals?
| (a) They are created by natural processes. |
| (b) They have a definite chemical composition. |
| (c) They are inexhaustible. |
| (d) Their distribution is uneven. |
| (a) Jharkhand | (c) Rajasthan |
| (b) Karnataka | (d) Andhra Pradesh |
| (a) Bolivia | (c) Chile |
| (b) Ghana | (d) Zimbabwe |
| (a) Soaking the dal for some time before cooking it. |
| (b) Cooking food in a pressure cooker. |
| (c) Keeping the vegetables chopped before lighting the gas for cooking. |
| (d) Cooking food in an open pan kept on low flame. |
Answer:
(i) Which one of the following is not a characteristic of minerals?| (a) They are created by natural processes. |
| (b) They have a definite chemical composition. |
(c) They are inexhaustible.  |
| (d) Their distribution is uneven. |
| (a) Jharkhand | (c) Rajasthan |
| (b) Karnataka | (d) Andhra Pradesh |
| (a) Bolivia | (c) Chile |
| (b) Ghana | (d) Zimbabwe |
| (a) Soaking the dal for some time before cooking it. |
| (b) Cooking food in a pressure cooker. |
| (c) Keeping the vegetables chopped before lighting the gas for cooking. |
| (d) Cooking food in an open pan kept on low flame. |
Question 3:
Give reasons.(i) Environmental aspects must be carefully looked into before building huge dams.
(ii) Most industries are concentrated around coal mines.
(iii) Petroleum is referred to as “black gold”.
(iv) Quarrying can become a major environmental concern.
Answer:
(i) Dams help in creating hydroelectric power, which solves the energy problems of a region. They also help farmers as the water released from dams is used for irrigation. However, dams have a negative impact on the environment as well. They adversely affect the surrounding ecosystems by destroying the local flora and fauna, by displacing the local community, by changing the natural course of rivers, etc. Therefore, before a dam is built at a site, it should be ascertained whether its benefits justify the damages that it would inevitably cause to the various ecosystems. If they do justify, then steps should be taken to minimise the damages to the flora and fauna, and to relocate the local community. But if they don’t, then environmental conservation should be given the priority over the building of the dam.(ii) Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel. It is widely used as a source of energy. It is also used as a raw material in several industries. Most industries are located around coal mines as being situated close to coal mines proves to be cost effective. Coal can easily be transported from the mines to the industries, and this reduces both time and cost of transportation.
(iii)The term “black gold” is used with reference to petroleum and its various derivatives. The word “black” refers to the colour of petroleum in its crude form. The word “gold” implies that petroleum and all the various products of petroleum (like diesel, petrol, kerosene, wax, plastics and lubricants) are as valuable to human society as the metal gold.
(iv) Quarrying is an extraction process by which minerals lying near the Earth’s surface are dug out. This process can adversely affect the environment in different ways. The digging involves clearing of vegetation. This destroys the top soil, which contains the humus required for plant growth. The quarrying process involves the use of explosives and earth-moving equipments. These cause noise pollution, and may also damage nearby buildings, dams or other such structures. The dust generated during quarrying and the fossil fuels burnt while operating the equipments contribute to air pollution, which in turn affects the health of the miners and the local population.
Question 4:
Distinguish between the following.(i) Conventional and non-conventional sources of energy
(ii) Biogas and natural gas
(iii) Ferrous and non-ferrous minerals
(iv) Metallic and non-metallic minerals
Answer:
(i)
Conventional sources of energy
|
Non-conventional sources of energy
|
| Have been in common use for a long time | Are not commonly used |
| Are generally exhaustible | Are generally inexhaustible |
| Are mostly polluting | Are mostly non-polluting |
| Example: Firewood, coal | Example: Solar energy, nuclear energy |
Biogas
|
Natural gas
|
| Formed using organic wastes such as dead plant and animal matter, animal dung and kitchen waste | Found along with petroleum deposits and gets released when crude oil is brought to the surface |
| Is a non-conventional source of energy | Is a conventional source of energy |
| Is easily available, especially in rural areas | Is not easily available; very few countries have sufficient natural gas reserves of their own |
| Is polluting; causes greenhouse effect as it releases carbon dioxide | Is a cleaner fuel |
| Used as a domestic fuel for cooking and lighting | Used as a domestic fuel as well as an industrial fuel |
Ferrous mineral
|
Non-ferrous mineral
|
| A metallic mineral that contains iron | A metallic mineral that does not contain iron |
| Example: Iron ore, manganese | Example: Gold, silver |
Metallic mineral
|
Non-metallic mineral
|
| A mineral containing metal in raw form | A mineral not containing metal |
| Example: Bauxite, iron ore | Example: Limestone, gypsum |
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